Special Note: Ergative Verbs (Increase)
Did prices increase or were they increased?
Firstly, in English, generally sentences are in the active voice or passive voice. However, there is a class of verbs that do not follow this pattern. To explain, let's look at these three sentences:
Active Voice: The manager increased the prices.
= An active sentence where subject is the 'actor/agent' who is doing the verb.
Passive Voice: The prices were increased (by the manager).
= A passive sentence where the subject is the object/patient of the verb.
Middle Voice: The prices increased.
= A 'middle voice' in which the subject is the object/patient of the verb, but there is no passive form used (no BE + Past Participle).
Verbs that use this middle voice are called ergative verbs. Examples of ergative verbs include increase, decrease, begin, continue, fly, boil, drop, break. The most common verbs are increase and decrease.
Note that they are different from intransitive verbs. Intransitive verbs do not have an object. They include verbs found in the below sentences:
- It happened/occurred.
- He will fall/rise.
- He died/passed away.
- She existed.
In contrast, ergative verbs can have an object and be used passively. And surprisingly, they have a similar meaning when no passive form is used even though the object is the sentence subject.
So what's the difference between the ergative and passive form? Take our example:
- The prices were increased. (passive)
- The prices increased. (ergative, 'middle voice')
In 1, the passive voice, clearly someone increased the prices. We are saying that they were manipulated; they were the object of someone's action. We could ask, 'By who?' and we would expect an answer.
In 2, there may be no identifiable agent/actor who increased the prices or it may be something that happened naturally. We could ask, “Why?” and there may or may not be an answer. Its meaning would be similar if we used an intransitive verb (go up): you are saying 'prices went up' and are not suggesting that an agent/actor was the cause. Similarly, when 'prices decrease' (ergative) it is the same as saying, 'prices fell' (intransitive).
In Summary
- An intransitive verb does not have an object. E.g. The flower died.
- A transitive verb has an object. E.g. The boy killed the flower.
- An ergative verb can be transitive (The chef boiled the water) or intransitive (The water boiled). When is it used intransitively, the subject of the sentence is actually the object of the verb (although there is no passive form (BE + Past Participle).
This is a special case in English.
If you are a student, these differences will become more familiar as you get more exposure and practice with English. I hope this has been helpful. If you have a question, please leave it below in the comments area.
- Matthew Barton / Creator of Englishcurrent.com
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what kinds of tenses can we use in creating ergative verb ? can it be in present and past tense or in past form only ? ( If the transitive in present form does the intransitive in present form or in past form ? )
We can use all tenses. The prices will increase/are increasing/increase/have increased/increased/had increased.
If I understand your question correctly, if the transitive sentence were in present form (e.g. “The management increase the prices regularly”) then the ergative sentence would also be in present (“The prices increase regularly”). We cannot make an intransitive sentence here with ‘increase’ because the verb is either used transitively or ergatively.
The households in owned accommodation were /had been considerably increased ( from 1990 to 2001).
Hello. You can use ‘were’ here. You’d only use ‘had been’ (past perfect) if you are also mentioning another past action (which the action you described happened before). See: https://www.englishcurrent.com/grammar/study-past-perfect-review-exercises/ . Also note that it would be more natural to say “The number of households in…”
The summary contains an error. The issue is not transitivity, but voice. Regardless of whether a verb is ergative or not, the middle voice is TRANSITIVE as its action passes from the subject to the object (both of which happen to be the same entity).
“He increased the prices of the goods.” Active voice. Transitive.
“The prices of the goods were increased by him.” Passive voice. Transitive.
“The prices of the goods increased.” Middle voice, TRANSITIVE.
“The goods increased in price.” Active voice, intransitive.
“The goods were increased in price.” Passive voice, intransitive.
Interesting. Do you have a source as support? I’d like to read more about it.
Your idea seems to contradict this article: https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/english-grammar-reference/ergative-verbs#:~:text=Ergative%20verbs%20are%20both%20transitive,Peter%20closed%20the%20door. (See: “The water boiled.”) Is the British Council’s page incorrect?
Sir,
How will we differentiate between Ergative Verbs and Ambi-transitive Verbs?
Because it is said that every Ergative Verb is ambitransitive Verb, but every ambitransitive verb is not Ergative Verb.
Hello Waseem. I have not researched ambitransitive verbs to be honest. If you have any insights, feel free to share.
Well done,tnxs!
By the end of the next June, my final exam ….
a) will have finished
b) will have been finished
Which is correct?
What do you think? Your question has nothing to do with this page.